ETC5510: Introduction to Data Analysis

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# .monash-blue.outline-text[ETC5510: Introduction to Data Analysis]

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<h2 style="font-weight:900!important;">Networks and Graphs</h2>

.bottom_abs.width100[

Lecturer: *Nicholas Tierney & Stuart Lee*

Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics

<span><i class="fas  fa-envelope faa-float animated "></i></span>  ETC5510.Clayton-x@monash.edu

May 2020

<br>
]

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---
# Announcements

- Assignment 2: due 20th May at 5pm

- Project deadlines:
  - **Milestone 2 (20th May) **: Finalised team/team members,
  a paragraph about what you're going to do and links to your data sources. 
  - **Milestone 3 (27th May) **:  Upload data, and Rmd file,
  and html describing your data, the cleaning you've done and 
  what's left.
  
---
# Network analysis

**A description of phone calls**

- Johnny --> Liz
- Liz --> Anna
- Johnny -- > Dan
- Dan --> Liz
- Dan --> Lucy

---
# As a graph

---
class: transition

# And as an association matrix

```
##        Johnny Dan Liz Lucy Anna
## Johnny      0   1   1    0    0
## Dan         0   0   1    1    0
## Liz         0   0   0    0    1
## Lucy        0   0   0    0    0
## Anna        0   0   0    0    0
```

---
# Why care about these relationships?

- **Telephone exchanges**: Nodes are the phone numbers. Edges would indicate a call was made betwen two numbers.
- **Book or movie plots**: Nodes are the characters. Edges would indicate whether they appear together in a scene, or chapter. If they speak to each other, various ways we might measure the association.
- **Social media**: nodes would be the people who post on facebook, including comments. Edges would measure who  comments on who's posts.

---
# Drawing these relationships out:

One way to describe these relationships is to provide association matrix between many objects.

(Image created by Sam Tyner.) 
---
# Example: Madmen

*Source: [wikicommons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Men#/media/File:Mad-men-title-card.jpg)*

---
# Generate a network view

- Create a layout (in 2D) which places nodes which are most related close,
- Plot the nodes as points, connect the appropriate lines
- Overlaying other aspects, e.g. gender

---
# introducing `madmen` data

```r
glimpse(madmen)
## List of 2
##  $ edges   :'data.frame':	39 obs. of  2 variables:
##   ..$ Name1: Factor w/ 9 levels "Betty Draper",..: 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##   ..$ Name2: Factor w/ 39 levels "Abe Drexler",..: 15 31 2 4 5 6 8 9 11 21 ...
##  $ vertices:'data.frame':	45 obs. of  2 variables:
##   ..$ label : Factor w/ 45 levels "Abe Drexler",..: 5 9 16 23 26 32 33 38 39 17 ...
##   ..$ Gender: Factor w/ 2 levels "female","male": 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 ...
```

---
# Nodes and edges?

Network data can be thought of as two related tables, **nodes** and **edges**:

- **nodes** are connection points
- **edges** are the connections between points

---
# Example: Mad Men. (Nodes = characters from the series)

```r
madmen_nodes
## # A tibble: 45 x 2
##    label          gender
##    <chr>          <chr> 
##  1 Betty Draper   female
##  2 Don Draper     male  
##  3 Harry Crane    male  
##  4 Joan Holloway  female
##  5 Lane Pryce     male  
##  6 Peggy Olson    female
##  7 Pete Campbell  male  
##  8 Roger Sterling male  
##  9 Sal Romano     male  
## 10 Henry Francis  male  
## # … with 35 more rows
```

---
# Example: Mad Men. (Edges = how they are associated)

```r
madmen_edges
## # A tibble: 39 x 2
##    Name1        Name2           
##    <chr>        <chr>           
##  1 Betty Draper Henry Francis   
##  2 Betty Draper Random guy      
##  3 Don Draper   Allison         
##  4 Don Draper   Bethany Van Nuys
##  5 Don Draper   Betty Draper    
##  6 Don Draper   Bobbie Barrett  
##  7 Don Draper   Candace         
##  8 Don Draper   Doris           
##  9 Don Draper   Faye Miller     
## 10 Don Draper   Joy             
## # … with 29 more rows
```

---
# Let's get the madmen data into the right shape

```r
madmen_edges %>%
  rename(from_id = Name1, to_id = Name2) 
## # A tibble: 39 x 2
##    from_id      to_id           
##    <chr>        <chr>           
##  1 Betty Draper Henry Francis   
##  2 Betty Draper Random guy      
##  3 Don Draper   Allison         
##  4 Don Draper   Bethany Van Nuys
##  5 Don Draper   Betty Draper    
##  6 Don Draper   Bobbie Barrett  
##  7 Don Draper   Candace         
##  8 Don Draper   Doris           
##  9 Don Draper   Faye Miller     
## 10 Don Draper   Joy             
## # … with 29 more rows
```

---
# Let's get the madmen data into the right shape

```r
madmen_net <- madmen_edges %>%
  rename(from_id = Name1, to_id = Name2) %>%
* full_join(madmen_nodes,
*           by = c("from_id" = "label"))

madmen_net
## # A tibble: 75 x 3
##    from_id      to_id            gender
##    <chr>        <chr>            <chr> 
##  1 Betty Draper Henry Francis    female
##  2 Betty Draper Random guy       female
##  3 Don Draper   Allison          male  
##  4 Don Draper   Bethany Van Nuys male  
##  5 Don Draper   Betty Draper     male  
##  6 Don Draper   Bobbie Barrett   male  
##  7 Don Draper   Candace          male  
##  8 Don Draper   Doris            male  
##  9 Don Draper   Faye Miller      male  
## 10 Don Draper   Joy              male  
## # … with 65 more rows
```

---
# Full join?

---
# Plotting the data

---
# How to plot

.left-code[

```r
set.seed(5556677)
ggplot(data = madmen_net, 
       aes(from_id = from_id, 
           to_id = to_id)) +
  geom_net(aes(colour = gender))

```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="lecture_9a_files/figure-html/graph-step-1-out-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
# How to plot: specify the layout algorithm

.left-code[

```r
set.seed(5556677)
ggplot(data = madmen_net, 
       aes(from_id = from_id, 
           to_id = to_id)) +
  geom_net(aes(colour = gender), 
           layout.alg = "kamadakawai") 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="lecture_9a_files/figure-html/graph-plot-2-out-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
# How to plot

.left-code[

.right-plot[
<img src="lecture_9a_files/figure-html/graph-plot-3-out-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
# How to plot

.left-code[

```r
set.seed(5556677)
ggplot(data = madmen_net, 
       aes(from_id = from_id, 
           to_id = to_id)) +
  geom_net(aes(colour = gender), 
           layout.alg = "kamadakawai",
           directed = FALSE,
           labelon = TRUE,
           fontsize = 3,
           size = 2,
           vjust = -0.6,
           ecolour = "grey60",
           ealpha = 0.5)
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="lecture_9a_files/figure-html/graph-plot-4-out-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
# How to plot

.left-code[

.right-plot[
<img src="lecture_9a_files/figure-html/graph-plot-5-out-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
# Which character was most connected?

```r
madmen_edges %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = c(Name1, Name2),
               names_to = "List",
               values_to = "Name") 
## # A tibble: 78 x 2
##    List  Name            
##    <chr> <chr>           
##  1 Name1 Betty Draper    
##  2 Name2 Henry Francis   
##  3 Name1 Betty Draper    
##  4 Name2 Random guy      
##  5 Name1 Don Draper      
##  6 Name2 Allison         
##  7 Name1 Don Draper      
##  8 Name2 Bethany Van Nuys
##  9 Name1 Don Draper      
## 10 Name2 Betty Draper    
## # … with 68 more rows
```

---
# Which character was most connected?

```r
madmen_edges %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = c(Name1, Name2),
               names_to = "List",
               values_to = "Name") %>% 
  count(Name, sort = TRUE)
## # A tibble: 45 x 2
##    Name               n
##    <chr>          <int>
##  1 Don Draper        14
##  2 Roger Sterling     6
##  3 Peggy Olson        5
##  4 Pete Campbell      4
##  5 Betty Draper       3
##  6 Joan Holloway      3
##  7 Lane Pryce         3
##  8 Harry Crane        2
##  9 Sal Romano         2
## 10 Abe Drexler        1
## # … with 35 more rows
```

---
# Example: American college football

Early American football outfits were like Australian AFL today!

*Source: [wikicommons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unknown_Early_American_Football_Team.jpg)*

---
# Example: American college football

Fall 2000 Season of [Division I college football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I). 
- Nodes are the teams, edges are the matches. 
- Teams are broken into "conferences" which are the primary competition, but they can play outside this group.

---
# American college football data

Edges:
.pull-left[

```r
football$edges
##                     from                   to same.conf
## 1           BrighamYoung         FloridaState         0
## 2                   Iowa          KansasState         0
## 3           BrighamYoung            NewMexico         1
## 4              NewMexico            TexasTech         0
## 5            KansasState            TexasTech         1
## 6                   Iowa            PennState         1
## 7              PennState   SouthernCalifornia         0
## 8     SouthernCalifornia         ArizonaState         1
## 9           ArizonaState        SanDiegoState         0
## 10          BrighamYoung        SanDiegoState         1
## 11             NewMexico        SanDiegoState         1
## 12             TexasTech               Baylor         1
## 13                Baylor           NorthTexas         0
## 14             TexasTech           NorthTexas         0
## 15           KansasState           NorthTexas         0
## 16      NorthernIllinois         Northwestern         0
## 17                  Iowa         Northwestern         1
## 18                  Iowa      WesternMichigan         0
## 19      NorthernIllinois      WesternMichigan         1
## 20       WesternMichigan            Wisconsin         0
## 21          Northwestern            Wisconsin         1
## 22                  Iowa            Wisconsin         1
## 23             NewMexico              Wyoming         1
## 24         SanDiegoState              Wyoming         1
## 25          BrighamYoung              Wyoming         1
## 26               Wyoming               Auburn         0
## 27      NorthernIllinois               Auburn         0
## 28      NorthernIllinois                Akron         1
## 29                 Akron         VirginiaTech         0
## 30                Auburn              Alabama         1
## 31               Alabama                 UCLA         0
## 32          ArizonaState                 UCLA         1
## 33    SouthernCalifornia                 UCLA         1
## 34         SanDiegoState              Arizona         0
## 35    SouthernCalifornia              Arizona         1
## 36                  UCLA              Arizona         1
## 37          ArizonaState              Arizona         1
## 38               Arizona                 Utah         0
## 39         SanDiegoState                 Utah         1
## 40             NewMexico                 Utah         1
## 41               Wyoming                 Utah         1
## 42          BrighamYoung                 Utah         1
## 43            NorthTexas        ArkansasState         1
## 44         ArkansasState   NorthCarolinaState         0
## 45          FloridaState   NorthCarolinaState         1
## 46           KansasState            BallState         0
## 47      NorthernIllinois            BallState         1
## 48       WesternMichigan            BallState         1
## 49             BallState              Florida         0
## 50                Auburn              Florida         1
## 51          FloridaState              Florida         0
## 52             NewMexico           BoiseState         0
## 53            NorthTexas           BoiseState         0
## 54         ArkansasState           BoiseState         0
## 55          VirginiaTech        BostonCollege         1
## 56         BostonCollege         WestVirginia         1
## 57          VirginiaTech         WestVirginia         1
## 58                 Akron    BowlingGreenState         1
## 59     BowlingGreenState             Michigan         0
## 60                  UCLA             Michigan         0
## 61             Wisconsin             Michigan         1
## 62          Northwestern             Michigan         1
## 63             PennState             Michigan         1
## 64          BrighamYoung             Virginia         0
## 65          FloridaState             Virginia         1
## 66    NorthCarolinaState             Virginia         1
## 67          VirginiaTech             Virginia         0
## 68     BowlingGreenState              Buffalo         1
## 69             BallState              Buffalo         1
## 70      NorthernIllinois              Buffalo         1
## 71                 Akron              Buffalo         1
## 72               Buffalo             Syracuse         0
## 73          BrighamYoung             Syracuse         0
## 74         BostonCollege             Syracuse         1
## 75          VirginiaTech             Syracuse         1
## 76          WestVirginia             Syracuse         1
## 77                 Akron       CentralFlorida         0
## 78      NorthernIllinois       CentralFlorida         0
## 79               Alabama       CentralFlorida         0
## 80          VirginiaTech       CentralFlorida         0
## 81        CentralFlorida          GeorgiaTech         0
## 82          FloridaState          GeorgiaTech         1
## 83    NorthCarolinaState          GeorgiaTech         1
## 84              Virginia          GeorgiaTech         1
## 85                 Akron      CentralMichigan         1
## 86               Wyoming      CentralMichigan         0
## 87            BoiseState      CentralMichigan         0
## 88             BallState      CentralMichigan         1
## 89       WesternMichigan      CentralMichigan         1
## 90      NorthernIllinois      CentralMichigan         1
## 91       CentralMichigan               Purdue         0
## 92             PennState               Purdue         1
## 93              Michigan               Purdue         1
## 94          Northwestern               Purdue         1
## 95             Wisconsin               Purdue         1
## 96    SouthernCalifornia             Colorado         0
## 97           KansasState             Colorado         1
## 98              Colorado        ColoradoState         0
## 99          ArizonaState        ColoradoState         0
## 100            NewMexico        ColoradoState         1
## 101                 Utah        ColoradoState         1
## 102        SanDiegoState        ColoradoState         1
## 103         BrighamYoung        ColoradoState         1
## 104              Wyoming        ColoradoState         1
## 105              Buffalo          Connecticut         0
## 106        BostonCollege          Connecticut         0
## 107                Akron          Connecticut         0
## 108            BallState          Connecticut         0
## 109          Connecticut      EasternMichigan         0
## 110       CentralFlorida      EasternMichigan         0
## 111            BallState      EasternMichigan         1
## 112    BowlingGreenState      EasternMichigan         1
## 113      CentralMichigan      EasternMichigan         1
## 114     NorthernIllinois      EasternMichigan         1
## 115      WesternMichigan      EasternMichigan         1
## 116         VirginiaTech         EastCarolina         0
## 117             Syracuse         EastCarolina         0
## 118         WestVirginia         EastCarolina         0
## 119         EastCarolina                 Duke         0
## 120         Northwestern                 Duke         0
## 121             Virginia                 Duke         1
## 122         FloridaState                 Duke         1
## 123          GeorgiaTech                 Duke         1
## 124   NorthCarolinaState                 Duke         1
## 125                 UCLA          FresnoState         0
## 126          FresnoState            OhioState         0
## 127              Arizona            OhioState         0
## 128            PennState            OhioState         1
## 129            Wisconsin            OhioState         1
## 130                 Iowa            OhioState         1
## 131               Purdue            OhioState         1
## 132             Michigan            OhioState         1
## 133         EastCarolina              Houston         1
## 134              Houston                 Rice         0
## 135             Michigan                 Rice         0
## 136          FresnoState                 Rice         1
## 137         WestVirginia                Idaho         0
## 138        ArkansasState                Idaho         1
## 139           NorthTexas                Idaho         1
## 140           BoiseState                Idaho         0
## 141                Idaho           Washington         0
## 142             Colorado           Washington         0
## 143         ArizonaState           Washington         1
## 144              Arizona           Washington         1
## 145                 UCLA           Washington         1
## 146          KansasState               Kansas         1
## 147             Colorado               Kansas         1
## 148            TexasTech               Kansas         1
## 149               Kansas    SouthernMethodist         0
## 150   NorthCarolinaState    SouthernMethodist         0
## 151              Houston    SouthernMethodist         0
## 152                 Rice    SouthernMethodist         1
## 153          FresnoState    SouthernMethodist         1
## 154               Purdue                 Kent         0
## 155    BowlingGreenState                 Kent         1
## 156      CentralMichigan                 Kent         1
## 157      WesternMichigan                 Kent         1
## 158              Buffalo                 Kent         1
## 159                Akron                 Kent         1
## 160                 Kent           Pittsburgh         0
## 161    BowlingGreenState           Pittsburgh         0
## 162            PennState           Pittsburgh         0
## 163             Syracuse           Pittsburgh         1
## 164        BostonCollege           Pittsburgh         1
## 165         VirginiaTech           Pittsburgh         1
## 166         WestVirginia           Pittsburgh         1
## 167              Florida             Kentucky         1
## 168             Kentucky           Louisville         0
## 169         FloridaState           Louisville         0
## 170          Connecticut           Louisville         0
## 171         EastCarolina           Louisville         1
## 172              Houston           Louisville         1
## 173          KansasState        LouisianaTech         0
## 174            PennState        LouisianaTech         0
## 175               Auburn        LouisianaTech         0
## 176       CentralFlorida        LouisianaTech         0
## 177       CentralFlorida      LouisianaMonroe         0
## 178        LouisianaTech      LouisianaMonroe         0
## 179      LouisianaMonroe            Minnesota         0
## 180               Baylor            Minnesota         0
## 181               Purdue            Minnesota         1
## 182            PennState            Minnesota         1
## 183            OhioState            Minnesota         1
## 184         Northwestern            Minnesota         1
## 185            Wisconsin            Minnesota         1
## 186                 Iowa            Minnesota         1
## 187      EasternMichigan            MiamiOhio         1
## 188            OhioState            MiamiOhio         0
## 189                 Kent            MiamiOhio         1
## 190                Akron            MiamiOhio         1
## 191            BallState            MiamiOhio         1
## 192    BowlingGreenState            MiamiOhio         1
## 193              Buffalo            MiamiOhio         1
## 194            MiamiOhio           Vanderbilt         0
## 195              Alabama           Vanderbilt         1
## 196                 Duke           Vanderbilt         0
## 197               Auburn           Vanderbilt         1
## 198              Florida           Vanderbilt         1
## 199             Kentucky           Vanderbilt         1
## 200              Florida MiddleTennesseeState         0
## 201        LouisianaTech MiddleTennesseeState         0
## 202      LouisianaMonroe MiddleTennesseeState         1
## 203          Connecticut MiddleTennesseeState         0
## 204 MiddleTennesseeState             Illinois         0
## 205        SanDiegoState             Illinois         0
## 206             Michigan             Illinois         1
## 207            Minnesota             Illinois         1
## 208                 Iowa             Illinois         1
## 209            PennState             Illinois         1
## 210            OhioState             Illinois         1
## 211         Northwestern             Illinois         1
## 212         BrighamYoung     MississippiState         0
## 213              Florida     MississippiState         1
## 214               Auburn     MississippiState         1
## 215 MiddleTennesseeState     MississippiState         0
## 216             Kentucky     MississippiState         1
## 217              Alabama     MississippiState         1
## 218     MississippiState              Memphis         0
## 219      LouisianaMonroe              Memphis         0
## 220        ArkansasState              Memphis         0
## 221         EastCarolina              Memphis         1
## 222              Houston              Memphis         1
## 223              Wyoming               Nevada         0
## 224        ColoradoState               Nevada         0
## 225          FresnoState               Nevada         1
## 226    SouthernMethodist               Nevada         1
## 227                 Rice               Nevada         1
## 228               Nevada               Oregon         0
## 229            Wisconsin               Oregon         0
## 230                Idaho               Oregon         0
## 231                 UCLA               Oregon         1
## 232           Washington               Oregon         1
## 233   SouthernCalifornia               Oregon         1
## 234              Arizona               Oregon         1
## 235         ArizonaState               Oregon         1
## 236            NewMexico       NewMexicoState         0
## 237        ArkansasState       NewMexicoState         1
## 238           BoiseState       NewMexicoState         0
## 239                Idaho       NewMexicoState         1
## 240           NorthTexas       NewMexicoState         1
## 241       NewMexicoState        SouthCarolina         0
## 242      EasternMichigan        SouthCarolina         0
## 243     MississippiState        SouthCarolina         1
## 244              Alabama        SouthCarolina         1
## 245             Kentucky        SouthCarolina         1
## 246           Vanderbilt        SouthCarolina         1
## 247              Florida        SouthCarolina         1
## 248            Minnesota                 Ohio         0
## 249                Akron                 Ohio         1
## 250      WesternMichigan                 Ohio         1
## 251              Buffalo                 Ohio         1
## 252                 Kent                 Ohio         1
## 253      CentralMichigan                 Ohio         1
## 254            MiamiOhio                 Ohio         1
## 255    BowlingGreenState                 Ohio         1
## 256                 Ohio            IowaState         0
## 257                 Iowa            IowaState         0
## 258               Baylor            IowaState         1
## 259          KansasState            IowaState         1
## 260             Colorado            IowaState         1
## 261               Kansas            IowaState         1
## 262   SouthernCalifornia         SanJoseState         0
## 263                 Rice         SanJoseState         1
## 264    SouthernMethodist         SanJoseState         1
## 265               Nevada         SanJoseState         1
## 266          FresnoState         SanJoseState         1
## 267         SanJoseState             Nebraska         0
## 268                 Iowa             Nebraska         0
## 269            IowaState             Nebraska         1
## 270            TexasTech             Nebraska         1
## 271               Baylor             Nebraska         1
## 272               Kansas             Nebraska         1
## 273          KansasState             Nebraska         1
## 274             Colorado             Nebraska         1
## 275              Alabama  SouthernMississippi         0
## 276              Memphis  SouthernMississippi         1
## 277              Houston  SouthernMississippi         1
## 278           Louisville  SouthernMississippi         1
## 279         EastCarolina  SouthernMississippi         1
## 280  SouthernMississippi            Tennessee         0
## 281              Florida            Tennessee         1
## 282      LouisianaMonroe            Tennessee         0
## 283              Alabama            Tennessee         1
## 284        SouthCarolina            Tennessee         1
## 285              Memphis            Tennessee         0
## 286             Kentucky            Tennessee         1
## 287           Vanderbilt            Tennessee         1
## 288         SanJoseState             Stanford         0
## 289              Arizona             Stanford         1
## 290   SouthernCalifornia             Stanford         1
## 291           Washington             Stanford         1
## 292                 UCLA             Stanford         1
## 293         ArizonaState             Stanford         1
## 294             Stanford      WashingtonState         1
## 295                 Utah      WashingtonState         0
## 296                Idaho      WashingtonState         0
## 297           BoiseState      WashingtonState         0
## 298              Arizona      WashingtonState         1
## 299         ArizonaState      WashingtonState         1
## 300               Oregon      WashingtonState         1
## 301   SouthernCalifornia      WashingtonState         1
## 302           Washington      WashingtonState         1
## 303    BowlingGreenState               Temple         0
## 304      EasternMichigan               Temple         0
## 305         WestVirginia               Temple         1
## 306         VirginiaTech               Temple         1
## 307        BostonCollege               Temple         1
## 308             Syracuse               Temple         1
## 309           Pittsburgh               Temple         1
## 310               Temple                 Navy         0
## 311          GeorgiaTech                 Navy         0
## 312        BostonCollege                 Navy         0
## 313              Wyoming             TexasA&M         0
## 314            TexasTech             TexasA&M         1
## 315             Colorado             TexasA&M         1
## 316               Baylor             TexasA&M         1
## 317            IowaState             TexasA&M         1
## 318          KansasState             TexasA&M         1
## 319             TexasA&M            NotreDame         0
## 320             Nebraska            NotreDame         0
## 321               Purdue            NotreDame         0
## 322             Stanford            NotreDame         0
## 323                 Navy            NotreDame         1
## 324         WestVirginia            NotreDame         0
## 325        BostonCollege            NotreDame         0
## 326   SouthernCalifornia            NotreDame         0
## 327    SouthernMethodist          TexasElPaso         1
## 328             TexasA&M          TexasElPaso         0
## 329       NewMexicoState          TexasElPaso         0
## 330         SanJoseState          TexasElPaso         1
## 331          FresnoState          TexasElPaso         1
## 332               Nevada          TexasElPaso         1
## 333                 Rice          TexasElPaso         1
## 334          TexasElPaso             Oklahoma         0
## 335        ArkansasState             Oklahoma         0
## 336                 Rice             Oklahoma         0
## 337               Kansas             Oklahoma         1
## 338          KansasState             Oklahoma         1
## 339             Nebraska             Oklahoma         1
## 340               Baylor             Oklahoma         1
## 341             TexasA&M             Oklahoma         1
## 342            TexasTech             Oklahoma         1
## 343            PennState               Toledo         0
## 344      WesternMichigan               Toledo         1
## 345      CentralMichigan               Toledo         1
## 346      EasternMichigan               Toledo         1
## 347                 Navy               Toledo         0
## 348     NorthernIllinois               Toledo         1
## 349            BallState               Toledo         1
## 350    BowlingGreenState               Toledo         1
## 351         EastCarolina               Tulane         1
## 352    SouthernMethodist               Tulane         0
## 353  SouthernMississippi               Tulane         1
## 354           Louisville               Tulane         1
## 355              Houston               Tulane         1
## 356                 Navy               Tulane         0
## 357              Memphis               Tulane         1
## 358               Tulane          Mississippi         0
## 359               Auburn          Mississippi         1
## 360           Vanderbilt          Mississippi         1
## 361             Kentucky          Mississippi         1
## 362        ArkansasState          Mississippi         0
## 363              Alabama          Mississippi         1
## 364     MississippiState          Mississippi         1
## 365                 Rice                Tulsa         1
## 366        LouisianaTech                Tulsa         1
## 367          TexasElPaso                Tulsa         1
## 368       NewMexicoState                Tulsa         0
## 369          FresnoState                Tulsa         1
## 370    SouthernMethodist                Tulsa         1
## 371         SanJoseState                Tulsa         1
## 372               Nevada                Tulsa         1
## 373                Tulsa        NorthCarolina         0
## 374         FloridaState        NorthCarolina         1
## 375          GeorgiaTech        NorthCarolina         1
## 376   NorthCarolinaState        NorthCarolina         1
## 377             Virginia        NorthCarolina         1
## 378           Pittsburgh        NorthCarolina         0
## 379                 Duke        NorthCarolina         1
## 380            TexasTech            UtahState         0
## 381         ArizonaState            UtahState         0
## 382                 Utah            UtahState         0
## 383         BrighamYoung            UtahState         0
## 384           NorthTexas            UtahState         0
## 385                Idaho            UtahState         0
## 386        ArkansasState            UtahState         0
## 387       NewMexicoState            UtahState         0
## 388           BoiseState            UtahState         0
## 389        BostonCollege                 Army         0
## 390              Houston                 Army         1
## 391              Memphis                 Army         1
## 392       NewMexicoState                 Army         0
## 393         EastCarolina                 Army         1
## 394               Tulane                 Army         1
## 395           Louisville                 Army         1
## 396                 Navy                 Army         0
## 397                 Army           Cincinnati         1
## 398             Syracuse           Cincinnati         0
## 399            Wisconsin           Cincinnati         0
## 400               Tulane           Cincinnati         1
## 401              Houston           Cincinnati         1
## 402           Louisville           Cincinnati         1
## 403            MiamiOhio           Cincinnati         0
## 404              Memphis           Cincinnati         1
## 405  SouthernMississippi           Cincinnati         1
## 406         BrighamYoung             AirForce         1
## 407                 Utah             AirForce         1
## 408                 Navy             AirForce         0
## 409              Wyoming             AirForce         1
## 410            NewMexico             AirForce         1
## 411            NotreDame             AirForce         0
## 412                 Army             AirForce         0
## 413        ColoradoState             AirForce         1
## 414        SanDiegoState             AirForce         1
## 415              Buffalo              Rutgers         0
## 416         VirginiaTech              Rutgers         1
## 417           Pittsburgh              Rutgers         1
## 418               Temple              Rutgers         1
## 419                 Navy              Rutgers         0
## 420        BostonCollege              Rutgers         1
## 421         WestVirginia              Rutgers         1
## 422            NotreDame              Rutgers         0
## 423             Syracuse              Rutgers         1
## 424        SouthCarolina              Georgia         1
## 425       NewMexicoState              Georgia         0
## 426            Tennessee              Georgia         1
## 427           Vanderbilt              Georgia         1
## 428             Kentucky              Georgia         1
## 429              Florida              Georgia         1
## 430               Auburn              Georgia         1
## 431          Mississippi              Georgia         1
## 432          GeorgiaTech              Georgia         0
## 433              Houston       LouisianaState         0
## 434               Auburn       LouisianaState         1
## 435            Tennessee       LouisianaState         1
## 436              Florida       LouisianaState         1
## 437             Kentucky       LouisianaState         1
## 438     MississippiState       LouisianaState         1
## 439              Alabama       LouisianaState         1
## 440          Mississippi       LouisianaState         1
## 441            TexasTech   LouisianaLafayette         0
## 442               Tulane   LouisianaLafayette         0
## 443        LouisianaTech   LouisianaLafayette         0
## 444           NorthTexas   LouisianaLafayette         1
## 445      LouisianaMonroe   LouisianaLafayette         1
## 446 MiddleTennesseeState   LouisianaLafayette         1
## 447   LouisianaLafayette                Texas         0
## 448             Stanford                Texas         0
## 449              Houston                Texas         0
## 450             Oklahoma                Texas         1
## 451             Colorado                Texas         1
## 452               Baylor                Texas         1
## 453            TexasTech                Texas         1
## 454               Kansas                Texas         1
## 455             TexasA&M                Texas         1
## 456        NorthCarolina             Marshall         0
## 457              Buffalo             Marshall         1
## 458      WesternMichigan             Marshall         1
## 459               Toledo             Marshall         1
## 460                 Kent             Marshall         1
## 461                Akron             Marshall         1
## 462    BowlingGreenState             Marshall         1
## 463            MiamiOhio             Marshall         1
## 464                 Ohio             Marshall         1
## 465             Marshall        MichiganState         0
## 466            NotreDame        MichiganState         0
## 467         Northwestern        MichiganState         1
## 468                 Iowa        MichiganState         1
## 469            Wisconsin        MichiganState         1
## 470             Michigan        MichiganState         1
## 471             Illinois        MichiganState         1
## 472            OhioState        MichiganState         1
## 473               Purdue        MichiganState         1
## 474            PennState        MichiganState         1
## 475           Washington         MiamiFlorida         0
## 476         WestVirginia         MiamiFlorida         1
## 477              Rutgers         MiamiFlorida         1
## 478         FloridaState         MiamiFlorida         0
## 479               Temple         MiamiFlorida         1
## 480        LouisianaTech         MiamiFlorida         0
## 481         VirginiaTech         MiamiFlorida         1
## 482           Pittsburgh         MiamiFlorida         1
## 483             Syracuse         MiamiFlorida         1
## 484        BostonCollege         MiamiFlorida         1
## 485        MichiganState             Missouri         0
## 486             Nebraska             Missouri         1
## 487               Kansas             Missouri         1
## 488                Texas             Missouri         1
## 489            IowaState             Missouri         1
## 490             Colorado             Missouri         1
## 491               Baylor             Missouri         1
## 492          KansasState             Missouri         1
## 493             Missouri              Clemson         0
## 494             Virginia              Clemson         1
## 495                 Duke              Clemson         1
## 496   NorthCarolinaState              Clemson         1
## 497        NorthCarolina              Clemson         1
## 498          GeorgiaTech              Clemson         1
## 499         FloridaState              Clemson         1
## 500        SouthCarolina              Clemson         0
## 501            IowaState       NevadaLasVegas         0
## 502           NorthTexas       NevadaLasVegas         0
## 503         BrighamYoung       NevadaLasVegas         1
## 504             AirForce       NevadaLasVegas         1
## 505               Nevada       NevadaLasVegas         0
## 506        ColoradoState       NevadaLasVegas         1
## 507              Wyoming       NevadaLasVegas         1
## 508          Mississippi       NevadaLasVegas         0
## 509                 Utah       NevadaLasVegas         1
## 510            NewMexico       NevadaLasVegas         1
## 511        SanDiegoState       NevadaLasVegas         1
## 512        NorthCarolina           WakeForest         1
## 513              Clemson           WakeForest         1
## 514             Virginia           WakeForest         1
## 515           Vanderbilt           WakeForest         0
## 516          GeorgiaTech           WakeForest         1
## 517                 Duke           WakeForest         1
## 518         FloridaState           WakeForest         1
## 519                 Navy           WakeForest         0
## 520   NorthCarolinaState           WakeForest         1
## 521   NorthCarolinaState              Indiana         0
## 522             Kentucky              Indiana         0
## 523           Cincinnati              Indiana         0
## 524                 Iowa              Indiana         1
## 525         Northwestern              Indiana         1
## 526             Michigan              Indiana         1
## 527            Minnesota              Indiana         1
## 528            PennState              Indiana         1
## 529             Illinois              Indiana         1
## 530            Wisconsin              Indiana         1
## 531               Purdue              Indiana         1
## 532                Tulsa        OklahomaState         0
## 533  SouthernMississippi        OklahomaState         0
## 534                Texas        OklahomaState         1
## 535             Missouri        OklahomaState         1
## 536            IowaState        OklahomaState         1
## 537             Colorado        OklahomaState         1
## 538             TexasA&M        OklahomaState         1
## 539            TexasTech        OklahomaState         1
## 540               Baylor        OklahomaState         1
## 541             Oklahoma        OklahomaState         1
## 542            NewMexico          OregonState         0
## 543        SanDiegoState          OregonState         0
## 544   SouthernCalifornia          OregonState         1
## 545           Washington          OregonState         1
## 546             Stanford          OregonState         1
## 547                 UCLA          OregonState         1
## 548      WashingtonState          OregonState         1
## 549              Arizona          OregonState         1
## 550               Oregon          OregonState         1
## 551               Temple             Maryland         0
## 552         WestVirginia             Maryland         0
## 553 MiddleTennesseeState             Maryland         0
## 554         FloridaState             Maryland         1
## 555             Virginia             Maryland         1
## 556              Clemson             Maryland         1
## 557           WakeForest             Maryland         1
## 558                 Duke             Maryland         1
## 559   NorthCarolinaState             Maryland         1
## 560        NorthCarolina             Maryland         1
## 561          GeorgiaTech             Maryland         1
## 562               Nevada       TexasChristian         0
## 563         Northwestern       TexasChristian         0
## 564        ArkansasState       TexasChristian         0
## 565                 Navy       TexasChristian         0
## 566                Tulsa       TexasChristian         0
## 567                 Rice       TexasChristian         0
## 568         SanJoseState       TexasChristian         0
## 569          FresnoState       TexasChristian         0
## 570          TexasElPaso       TexasChristian         0
## 571    SouthernMethodist       TexasChristian         0
## 572                 Utah           California         0
## 573             Illinois           California         0
## 574          FresnoState           California         0
## 575      WashingtonState           California         1
## 576         ArizonaState           California         1
## 577                 UCLA           California         1
## 578           Washington           California         1
## 579   SouthernCalifornia           California         1
## 580          OregonState           California         1
## 581               Oregon           California         1
## 582             Stanford           California         1
## 583               Kansas    AlabamaBirmingham         0
## 584       LouisianaState    AlabamaBirmingham         0
## 585   LouisianaLafayette    AlabamaBirmingham         0
## 586           Louisville    AlabamaBirmingham         1
## 587              Memphis    AlabamaBirmingham         1
## 588 MiddleTennesseeState    AlabamaBirmingham         0
## 589         EastCarolina    AlabamaBirmingham         1
## 590           Cincinnati    AlabamaBirmingham         1
## 591  SouthernMississippi    AlabamaBirmingham         1
## 592                 Army    AlabamaBirmingham         1
## 593           BoiseState             Arkansas         0
## 594              Alabama             Arkansas         1
## 595              Georgia             Arkansas         1
## 596      LouisianaMonroe             Arkansas         0
## 597        SouthCarolina             Arkansas         1
## 598               Auburn             Arkansas         1
## 599          Mississippi             Arkansas         1
## 600            Tennessee             Arkansas         1
## 601     MississippiState             Arkansas         1
## 602       LouisianaState             Arkansas         1
## 603          TexasElPaso               Hawaii         1
## 604                Tulsa               Hawaii         1
## 605       TexasChristian               Hawaii         0
## 606    SouthernMethodist               Hawaii         1
## 607                 Rice               Hawaii         1
## 608         SanJoseState               Hawaii         1
## 609          FresnoState               Hawaii         1
## 610               Nevada               Hawaii         1
## 611        LouisianaTech               Hawaii         1
## 612            Wisconsin               Hawaii         0
## 613       NevadaLasVegas               Hawaii         0
```
]

.pull-right[
Nodes:

```r
football$vertices
##                                     label            value
## BrighamYoung                 BrighamYoung    Mountain West
## FloridaState                 FloridaState   Atlantic Coast
## Iowa                                 Iowa          Big Ten
## KansasState                   KansasState       Big Twelve
## NewMexico                       NewMexico    Mountain West
## TexasTech                       TexasTech       Big Twelve
## PennState                       PennState          Big Ten
## SouthernCalifornia     SouthernCalifornia      Pacific Ten
## ArizonaState                 ArizonaState      Pacific Ten
## SanDiegoState               SanDiegoState    Mountain West
## Baylor                             Baylor       Big Twelve
## NorthTexas                     NorthTexas         Sun Belt
## NorthernIllinois         NorthernIllinois     Mid-American
## Northwestern                 Northwestern          Big Ten
## WesternMichigan           WesternMichigan     Mid-American
## Wisconsin                       Wisconsin          Big Ten
## Wyoming                           Wyoming    Mountain West
## Auburn                             Auburn     Southeastern
## Akron                               Akron     Mid-American
## VirginiaTech                 VirginiaTech         Big East
## Alabama                           Alabama     Southeastern
## UCLA                                 UCLA      Pacific Ten
## Arizona                           Arizona      Pacific Ten
## Utah                                 Utah    Mountain West
## ArkansasState               ArkansasState         Sun Belt
## NorthCarolinaState     NorthCarolinaState   Atlantic Coast
## BallState                       BallState     Mid-American
## Florida                           Florida     Southeastern
## BoiseState                     BoiseState Western Athletic
## BostonCollege               BostonCollege         Big East
## WestVirginia                 WestVirginia         Big East
## BowlingGreenState       BowlingGreenState     Mid-American
## Michigan                         Michigan          Big Ten
## Virginia                         Virginia   Atlantic Coast
## Buffalo                           Buffalo     Mid-American
## Syracuse                         Syracuse         Big East
## CentralFlorida             CentralFlorida     Independents
## GeorgiaTech                   GeorgiaTech   Atlantic Coast
## CentralMichigan           CentralMichigan     Mid-American
## Purdue                             Purdue          Big Ten
## Colorado                         Colorado       Big Twelve
## ColoradoState               ColoradoState    Mountain West
## Connecticut                   Connecticut     Independents
## EasternMichigan           EasternMichigan     Mid-American
## EastCarolina                 EastCarolina   Conference USA
## Duke                                 Duke   Atlantic Coast
## FresnoState                   FresnoState Western Athletic
## OhioState                       OhioState          Big Ten
## Houston                           Houston   Conference USA
## Rice                                 Rice Western Athletic
## Idaho                               Idaho         Sun Belt
## Washington                     Washington      Pacific Ten
## Kansas                             Kansas       Big Twelve
## SouthernMethodist       SouthernMethodist Western Athletic
## Kent                                 Kent     Mid-American
## Pittsburgh                     Pittsburgh         Big East
## Kentucky                         Kentucky     Southeastern
## Louisville                     Louisville   Conference USA
## LouisianaTech               LouisianaTech Western Athletic
## LouisianaMonroe           LouisianaMonroe         Sun Belt
## Minnesota                       Minnesota          Big Ten
## MiamiOhio                       MiamiOhio     Mid-American
## Vanderbilt                     Vanderbilt     Southeastern
## MiddleTennesseeState MiddleTennesseeState         Sun Belt
## Illinois                         Illinois          Big Ten
## MississippiState         MississippiState     Southeastern
## Memphis                           Memphis   Conference USA
## Nevada                             Nevada Western Athletic
## Oregon                             Oregon      Pacific Ten
## NewMexicoState             NewMexicoState         Sun Belt
## SouthCarolina               SouthCarolina     Southeastern
## Ohio                                 Ohio     Mid-American
## IowaState                       IowaState       Big Twelve
## SanJoseState                 SanJoseState Western Athletic
## Nebraska                         Nebraska       Big Twelve
## SouthernMississippi   SouthernMississippi   Conference USA
## Tennessee                       Tennessee     Southeastern
## Stanford                         Stanford      Pacific Ten
## WashingtonState           WashingtonState      Pacific Ten
## Temple                             Temple         Big East
## Navy                                 Navy     Independents
## TexasA&M                         TexasA&M       Big Twelve
## NotreDame                       NotreDame     Independents
## TexasElPaso                   TexasElPaso Western Athletic
## Oklahoma                         Oklahoma       Big Twelve
## Toledo                             Toledo     Mid-American
## Tulane                             Tulane   Conference USA
## Mississippi                   Mississippi     Southeastern
## Tulsa                               Tulsa Western Athletic
## NorthCarolina               NorthCarolina   Atlantic Coast
## UtahState                       UtahState     Independents
## Army                                 Army   Conference USA
## Cincinnati                     Cincinnati   Conference USA
## AirForce                         AirForce    Mountain West
## Rutgers                           Rutgers         Big East
## Georgia                           Georgia     Southeastern
## LouisianaState             LouisianaState     Southeastern
## LouisianaLafayette     LouisianaLafayette         Sun Belt
## Texas                               Texas       Big Twelve
## Marshall                         Marshall     Mid-American
## MichiganState               MichiganState          Big Ten
## MiamiFlorida                 MiamiFlorida         Big East
## Missouri                         Missouri       Big Twelve
## Clemson                           Clemson   Atlantic Coast
## NevadaLasVegas             NevadaLasVegas    Mountain West
## WakeForest                     WakeForest   Atlantic Coast
## Indiana                           Indiana          Big Ten
## OklahomaState               OklahomaState       Big Twelve
## OregonState                   OregonState      Pacific Ten
## Maryland                         Maryland   Atlantic Coast
## TexasChristian             TexasChristian   Conference USA
## California                     California      Pacific Ten
## AlabamaBirmingham       AlabamaBirmingham   Conference USA
## Arkansas                         Arkansas     Southeastern
## Hawaii                             Hawaii Western Athletic
```
]

---
# American college football: joining the data

```r
# data step: merge vertices and edges
ftnet <- full_join(
  football$edges, football$vertices,
  by = c("from" = "label")
) %>%
  mutate(schools = if_else(value == "Independents", from, ""))

ftnet
##                     from                   to same.conf            value
## 1           BrighamYoung         FloridaState         0    Mountain West
## 2                   Iowa          KansasState         0          Big Ten
## 3           BrighamYoung            NewMexico         1    Mountain West
## 4              NewMexico            TexasTech         0    Mountain West
## 5            KansasState            TexasTech         1       Big Twelve
## 6                   Iowa            PennState         1          Big Ten
## 7              PennState   SouthernCalifornia         0          Big Ten
## 8     SouthernCalifornia         ArizonaState         1      Pacific Ten
## 9           ArizonaState        SanDiegoState         0      Pacific Ten
## 10          BrighamYoung        SanDiegoState         1    Mountain West
## 11             NewMexico        SanDiegoState         1    Mountain West
## 12             TexasTech               Baylor         1       Big Twelve
## 13                Baylor           NorthTexas         0       Big Twelve
## 14             TexasTech           NorthTexas         0       Big Twelve
## 15           KansasState           NorthTexas         0       Big Twelve
## 16      NorthernIllinois         Northwestern         0     Mid-American
## 17                  Iowa         Northwestern         1          Big Ten
## 18                  Iowa      WesternMichigan         0          Big Ten
## 19      NorthernIllinois      WesternMichigan         1     Mid-American
## 20       WesternMichigan            Wisconsin         0     Mid-American
## 21          Northwestern            Wisconsin         1          Big Ten
## 22                  Iowa            Wisconsin         1          Big Ten
## 23             NewMexico              Wyoming         1    Mountain West
## 24         SanDiegoState              Wyoming         1    Mountain West
## 25          BrighamYoung              Wyoming         1    Mountain West
## 26               Wyoming               Auburn         0    Mountain West
## 27      NorthernIllinois               Auburn         0     Mid-American
## 28      NorthernIllinois                Akron         1     Mid-American
## 29                 Akron         VirginiaTech         0     Mid-American
## 30                Auburn              Alabama         1     Southeastern
## 31               Alabama                 UCLA         0     Southeastern
## 32          ArizonaState                 UCLA         1      Pacific Ten
## 33    SouthernCalifornia                 UCLA         1      Pacific Ten
## 34         SanDiegoState              Arizona         0    Mountain West
## 35    SouthernCalifornia              Arizona         1      Pacific Ten
## 36                  UCLA              Arizona         1      Pacific Ten
## 37          ArizonaState              Arizona         1      Pacific Ten
## 38               Arizona                 Utah         0      Pacific Ten
## 39         SanDiegoState                 Utah         1    Mountain West
## 40             NewMexico                 Utah         1    Mountain West
## 41               Wyoming                 Utah         1    Mountain West
## 42          BrighamYoung                 Utah         1    Mountain West
## 43            NorthTexas        ArkansasState         1         Sun Belt
## 44         ArkansasState   NorthCarolinaState         0         Sun Belt
## 45          FloridaState   NorthCarolinaState         1   Atlantic Coast
## 46           KansasState            BallState         0       Big Twelve
## 47      NorthernIllinois            BallState         1     Mid-American
## 48       WesternMichigan            BallState         1     Mid-American
## 49             BallState              Florida         0     Mid-American
## 50                Auburn              Florida         1     Southeastern
## 51          FloridaState              Florida         0   Atlantic Coast
## 52             NewMexico           BoiseState         0    Mountain West
## 53            NorthTexas           BoiseState         0         Sun Belt
## 54         ArkansasState           BoiseState         0         Sun Belt
## 55          VirginiaTech        BostonCollege         1         Big East
## 56         BostonCollege         WestVirginia         1         Big East
## 57          VirginiaTech         WestVirginia         1         Big East
## 58                 Akron    BowlingGreenState         1     Mid-American
## 59     BowlingGreenState             Michigan         0     Mid-American
## 60                  UCLA             Michigan         0      Pacific Ten
## 61             Wisconsin             Michigan         1          Big Ten
## 62          Northwestern             Michigan         1          Big Ten
## 63             PennState             Michigan         1          Big Ten
## 64          BrighamYoung             Virginia         0    Mountain West
## 65          FloridaState             Virginia         1   Atlantic Coast
## 66    NorthCarolinaState             Virginia         1   Atlantic Coast
## 67          VirginiaTech             Virginia         0         Big East
## 68     BowlingGreenState              Buffalo         1     Mid-American
## 69             BallState              Buffalo         1     Mid-American
## 70      NorthernIllinois              Buffalo         1     Mid-American
## 71                 Akron              Buffalo         1     Mid-American
## 72               Buffalo             Syracuse         0     Mid-American
## 73          BrighamYoung             Syracuse         0    Mountain West
## 74         BostonCollege             Syracuse         1         Big East
## 75          VirginiaTech             Syracuse         1         Big East
## 76          WestVirginia             Syracuse         1         Big East
## 77                 Akron       CentralFlorida         0     Mid-American
## 78      NorthernIllinois       CentralFlorida         0     Mid-American
## 79               Alabama       CentralFlorida         0     Southeastern
## 80          VirginiaTech       CentralFlorida         0         Big East
## 81        CentralFlorida          GeorgiaTech         0     Independents
## 82          FloridaState          GeorgiaTech         1   Atlantic Coast
## 83    NorthCarolinaState          GeorgiaTech         1   Atlantic Coast
## 84              Virginia          GeorgiaTech         1   Atlantic Coast
## 85                 Akron      CentralMichigan         1     Mid-American
## 86               Wyoming      CentralMichigan         0    Mountain West
## 87            BoiseState      CentralMichigan         0 Western Athletic
## 88             BallState      CentralMichigan         1     Mid-American
## 89       WesternMichigan      CentralMichigan         1     Mid-American
## 90      NorthernIllinois      CentralMichigan         1     Mid-American
## 91       CentralMichigan               Purdue         0     Mid-American
## 92             PennState               Purdue         1          Big Ten
## 93              Michigan               Purdue         1          Big Ten
## 94          Northwestern               Purdue         1          Big Ten
## 95             Wisconsin               Purdue         1          Big Ten
## 96    SouthernCalifornia             Colorado         0      Pacific Ten
## 97           KansasState             Colorado         1       Big Twelve
## 98              Colorado        ColoradoState         0       Big Twelve
## 99          ArizonaState        ColoradoState         0      Pacific Ten
## 100            NewMexico        ColoradoState         1    Mountain West
## 101                 Utah        ColoradoState         1    Mountain West
## 102        SanDiegoState        ColoradoState         1    Mountain West
## 103         BrighamYoung        ColoradoState         1    Mountain West
## 104              Wyoming        ColoradoState         1    Mountain West
## 105              Buffalo          Connecticut         0     Mid-American
## 106        BostonCollege          Connecticut         0         Big East
## 107                Akron          Connecticut         0     Mid-American
## 108            BallState          Connecticut         0     Mid-American
## 109          Connecticut      EasternMichigan         0     Independents
## 110       CentralFlorida      EasternMichigan         0     Independents
## 111            BallState      EasternMichigan         1     Mid-American
## 112    BowlingGreenState      EasternMichigan         1     Mid-American
## 113      CentralMichigan      EasternMichigan         1     Mid-American
## 114     NorthernIllinois      EasternMichigan         1     Mid-American
## 115      WesternMichigan      EasternMichigan         1     Mid-American
## 116         VirginiaTech         EastCarolina         0         Big East
## 117             Syracuse         EastCarolina         0         Big East
## 118         WestVirginia         EastCarolina         0         Big East
## 119         EastCarolina                 Duke         0   Conference USA
## 120         Northwestern                 Duke         0          Big Ten
## 121             Virginia                 Duke         1   Atlantic Coast
## 122         FloridaState                 Duke         1   Atlantic Coast
## 123          GeorgiaTech                 Duke         1   Atlantic Coast
## 124   NorthCarolinaState                 Duke         1   Atlantic Coast
## 125                 UCLA          FresnoState         0      Pacific Ten
## 126          FresnoState            OhioState         0 Western Athletic
## 127              Arizona            OhioState         0      Pacific Ten
## 128            PennState            OhioState         1          Big Ten
## 129            Wisconsin            OhioState         1          Big Ten
## 130                 Iowa            OhioState         1          Big Ten
## 131               Purdue            OhioState         1          Big Ten
## 132             Michigan            OhioState         1          Big Ten
## 133         EastCarolina              Houston         1   Conference USA
## 134              Houston                 Rice         0   Conference USA
## 135             Michigan                 Rice         0          Big Ten
## 136          FresnoState                 Rice         1 Western Athletic
## 137         WestVirginia                Idaho         0         Big East
## 138        ArkansasState                Idaho         1         Sun Belt
## 139           NorthTexas                Idaho         1         Sun Belt
## 140           BoiseState                Idaho         0 Western Athletic
## 141                Idaho           Washington         0         Sun Belt
## 142             Colorado           Washington         0       Big Twelve
## 143         ArizonaState           Washington         1      Pacific Ten
## 144              Arizona           Washington         1      Pacific Ten
## 145                 UCLA           Washington         1      Pacific Ten
## 146          KansasState               Kansas         1       Big Twelve
## 147             Colorado               Kansas         1       Big Twelve
## 148            TexasTech               Kansas         1       Big Twelve
## 149               Kansas    SouthernMethodist         0       Big Twelve
## 150   NorthCarolinaState    SouthernMethodist         0   Atlantic Coast
## 151              Houston    SouthernMethodist         0   Conference USA
## 152                 Rice    SouthernMethodist         1 Western Athletic
## 153          FresnoState    SouthernMethodist         1 Western Athletic
## 154               Purdue                 Kent         0          Big Ten
## 155    BowlingGreenState                 Kent         1     Mid-American
## 156      CentralMichigan                 Kent         1     Mid-American
## 157      WesternMichigan                 Kent         1     Mid-American
## 158              Buffalo                 Kent         1     Mid-American
## 159                Akron                 Kent         1     Mid-American
## 160                 Kent           Pittsburgh         0     Mid-American
## 161    BowlingGreenState           Pittsburgh         0     Mid-American
## 162            PennState           Pittsburgh         0          Big Ten
## 163             Syracuse           Pittsburgh         1         Big East
## 164        BostonCollege           Pittsburgh         1         Big East
## 165         VirginiaTech           Pittsburgh         1         Big East
## 166         WestVirginia           Pittsburgh         1         Big East
## 167              Florida             Kentucky         1     Southeastern
## 168             Kentucky           Louisville         0     Southeastern
## 169         FloridaState           Louisville         0   Atlantic Coast
## 170          Connecticut           Louisville         0     Independents
## 171         EastCarolina           Louisville         1   Conference USA
## 172              Houston           Louisville         1   Conference USA
## 173          KansasState        LouisianaTech         0       Big Twelve
## 174            PennState        LouisianaTech         0          Big Ten
## 175               Auburn        LouisianaTech         0     Southeastern
## 176       CentralFlorida        LouisianaTech         0     Independents
## 177       CentralFlorida      LouisianaMonroe         0     Independents
## 178        LouisianaTech      LouisianaMonroe         0 Western Athletic
## 179      LouisianaMonroe            Minnesota         0         Sun Belt
## 180               Baylor            Minnesota         0       Big Twelve
## 181               Purdue            Minnesota         1          Big Ten
## 182            PennState            Minnesota         1          Big Ten
## 183            OhioState            Minnesota         1          Big Ten
## 184         Northwestern            Minnesota         1          Big Ten
## 185            Wisconsin            Minnesota         1          Big Ten
## 186                 Iowa            Minnesota         1          Big Ten
## 187      EasternMichigan            MiamiOhio         1     Mid-American
## 188            OhioState            MiamiOhio         0          Big Ten
## 189                 Kent            MiamiOhio         1     Mid-American
## 190                Akron            MiamiOhio         1     Mid-American
## 191            BallState            MiamiOhio         1     Mid-American
## 192    BowlingGreenState            MiamiOhio         1     Mid-American
## 193              Buffalo            MiamiOhio         1     Mid-American
## 194            MiamiOhio           Vanderbilt         0     Mid-American
## 195              Alabama           Vanderbilt         1     Southeastern
## 196                 Duke           Vanderbilt         0   Atlantic Coast
## 197               Auburn           Vanderbilt         1     Southeastern
## 198              Florida           Vanderbilt         1     Southeastern
## 199             Kentucky           Vanderbilt         1     Southeastern
## 200              Florida MiddleTennesseeState         0     Southeastern
## 201        LouisianaTech MiddleTennesseeState         0 Western Athletic
## 202      LouisianaMonroe MiddleTennesseeState         1         Sun Belt
## 203          Connecticut MiddleTennesseeState         0     Independents
## 204 MiddleTennesseeState             Illinois         0         Sun Belt
## 205        SanDiegoState             Illinois         0    Mountain West
## 206             Michigan             Illinois         1          Big Ten
## 207            Minnesota             Illinois         1          Big Ten
## 208                 Iowa             Illinois         1          Big Ten
## 209            PennState             Illinois         1          Big Ten
## 210            OhioState             Illinois         1          Big Ten
## 211         Northwestern             Illinois         1          Big Ten
## 212         BrighamYoung     MississippiState         0    Mountain West
## 213              Florida     MississippiState         1     Southeastern
## 214               Auburn     MississippiState         1     Southeastern
## 215 MiddleTennesseeState     MississippiState         0         Sun Belt
## 216             Kentucky     MississippiState         1     Southeastern
## 217              Alabama     MississippiState         1     Southeastern
## 218     MississippiState              Memphis         0     Southeastern
## 219      LouisianaMonroe              Memphis         0         Sun Belt
## 220        ArkansasState              Memphis         0         Sun Belt
## 221         EastCarolina              Memphis         1   Conference USA
## 222              Houston              Memphis         1   Conference USA
## 223              Wyoming               Nevada         0    Mountain West
## 224        ColoradoState               Nevada         0    Mountain West
## 225          FresnoState               Nevada         1 Western Athletic
## 226    SouthernMethodist               Nevada         1 Western Athletic
## 227                 Rice               Nevada         1 Western Athletic
## 228               Nevada               Oregon         0 Western Athletic
## 229            Wisconsin               Oregon         0          Big Ten
## 230                Idaho               Oregon         0         Sun Belt
## 231                 UCLA               Oregon         1      Pacific Ten
## 232           Washington               Oregon         1      Pacific Ten
## 233   SouthernCalifornia               Oregon         1      Pacific Ten
## 234              Arizona               Oregon         1      Pacific Ten
## 235         ArizonaState               Oregon         1      Pacific Ten
## 236            NewMexico       NewMexicoState         0    Mountain West
## 237        ArkansasState       NewMexicoState         1         Sun Belt
## 238           BoiseState       NewMexicoState         0 Western Athletic
## 239                Idaho       NewMexicoState         1         Sun Belt
## 240           NorthTexas       NewMexicoState         1         Sun Belt
## 241       NewMexicoState        SouthCarolina         0         Sun Belt
## 242      EasternMichigan        SouthCarolina         0     Mid-American
## 243     MississippiState        SouthCarolina         1     Southeastern
## 244              Alabama        SouthCarolina         1     Southeastern
## 245             Kentucky        SouthCarolina         1     Southeastern
## 246           Vanderbilt        SouthCarolina         1     Southeastern
## 247              Florida        SouthCarolina         1     Southeastern
## 248            Minnesota                 Ohio         0          Big Ten
## 249                Akron                 Ohio         1     Mid-American
## 250      WesternMichigan                 Ohio         1     Mid-American
## 251              Buffalo                 Ohio         1     Mid-American
## 252                 Kent                 Ohio         1     Mid-American
## 253      CentralMichigan                 Ohio         1     Mid-American
## 254            MiamiOhio                 Ohio         1     Mid-American
## 255    BowlingGreenState                 Ohio         1     Mid-American
## 256                 Ohio            IowaState         0     Mid-American
## 257                 Iowa            IowaState         0          Big Ten
## 258               Baylor            IowaState         1       Big Twelve
## 259          KansasState            IowaState         1       Big Twelve
## 260             Colorado            IowaState         1       Big Twelve
## 261               Kansas            IowaState         1       Big Twelve
## 262   SouthernCalifornia         SanJoseState         0      Pacific Ten
## 263                 Rice         SanJoseState         1 Western Athletic
## 264    SouthernMethodist         SanJoseState         1 Western Athletic
## 265               Nevada         SanJoseState         1 Western Athletic
## 266          FresnoState         SanJoseState         1 Western Athletic
## 267         SanJoseState             Nebraska         0 Western Athletic
## 268                 Iowa             Nebraska         0          Big Ten
## 269            IowaState             Nebraska         1       Big Twelve
## 270            TexasTech             Nebraska         1       Big Twelve
## 271               Baylor             Nebraska         1       Big Twelve
## 272               Kansas             Nebraska         1       Big Twelve
## 273          KansasState             Nebraska         1       Big Twelve
## 274             Colorado             Nebraska         1       Big Twelve
## 275              Alabama  SouthernMississippi         0     Southeastern
## 276              Memphis  SouthernMississippi         1   Conference USA
## 277              Houston  SouthernMississippi         1   Conference USA
## 278           Louisville  SouthernMississippi         1   Conference USA
## 279         EastCarolina  SouthernMississippi         1   Conference USA
## 280  SouthernMississippi            Tennessee         0   Conference USA
## 281              Florida            Tennessee         1     Southeastern
## 282      LouisianaMonroe            Tennessee         0         Sun Belt
## 283              Alabama            Tennessee         1     Southeastern
## 284        SouthCarolina            Tennessee         1     Southeastern
## 285              Memphis            Tennessee         0   Conference USA
## 286             Kentucky            Tennessee         1     Southeastern
## 287           Vanderbilt            Tennessee         1     Southeastern
## 288         SanJoseState             Stanford         0 Western Athletic
## 289              Arizona             Stanford         1      Pacific Ten
## 290   SouthernCalifornia             Stanford         1      Pacific Ten
## 291           Washington             Stanford         1      Pacific Ten
## 292                 UCLA             Stanford         1      Pacific Ten
## 293         ArizonaState             Stanford         1      Pacific Ten
## 294             Stanford      WashingtonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 295                 Utah      WashingtonState         0    Mountain West
## 296                Idaho      WashingtonState         0         Sun Belt
## 297           BoiseState      WashingtonState         0 Western Athletic
## 298              Arizona      WashingtonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 299         ArizonaState      WashingtonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 300               Oregon      WashingtonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 301   SouthernCalifornia      WashingtonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 302           Washington      WashingtonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 303    BowlingGreenState               Temple         0     Mid-American
## 304      EasternMichigan               Temple         0     Mid-American
## 305         WestVirginia               Temple         1         Big East
## 306         VirginiaTech               Temple         1         Big East
## 307        BostonCollege               Temple         1         Big East
## 308             Syracuse               Temple         1         Big East
## 309           Pittsburgh               Temple         1         Big East
## 310               Temple                 Navy         0         Big East
## 311          GeorgiaTech                 Navy         0   Atlantic Coast
## 312        BostonCollege                 Navy         0         Big East
## 313              Wyoming             TexasA&M         0    Mountain West
## 314            TexasTech             TexasA&M         1       Big Twelve
## 315             Colorado             TexasA&M         1       Big Twelve
## 316               Baylor             TexasA&M         1       Big Twelve
## 317            IowaState             TexasA&M         1       Big Twelve
## 318          KansasState             TexasA&M         1       Big Twelve
## 319             TexasA&M            NotreDame         0       Big Twelve
## 320             Nebraska            NotreDame         0       Big Twelve
## 321               Purdue            NotreDame         0          Big Ten
## 322             Stanford            NotreDame         0      Pacific Ten
## 323                 Navy            NotreDame         1     Independents
## 324         WestVirginia            NotreDame         0         Big East
## 325        BostonCollege            NotreDame         0         Big East
## 326   SouthernCalifornia            NotreDame         0      Pacific Ten
## 327    SouthernMethodist          TexasElPaso         1 Western Athletic
## 328             TexasA&M          TexasElPaso         0       Big Twelve
## 329       NewMexicoState          TexasElPaso         0         Sun Belt
## 330         SanJoseState          TexasElPaso         1 Western Athletic
## 331          FresnoState          TexasElPaso         1 Western Athletic
## 332               Nevada          TexasElPaso         1 Western Athletic
## 333                 Rice          TexasElPaso         1 Western Athletic
## 334          TexasElPaso             Oklahoma         0 Western Athletic
## 335        ArkansasState             Oklahoma         0         Sun Belt
## 336                 Rice             Oklahoma         0 Western Athletic
## 337               Kansas             Oklahoma         1       Big Twelve
## 338          KansasState             Oklahoma         1       Big Twelve
## 339             Nebraska             Oklahoma         1       Big Twelve
## 340               Baylor             Oklahoma         1       Big Twelve
## 341             TexasA&M             Oklahoma         1       Big Twelve
## 342            TexasTech             Oklahoma         1       Big Twelve
## 343            PennState               Toledo         0          Big Ten
## 344      WesternMichigan               Toledo         1     Mid-American
## 345      CentralMichigan               Toledo         1     Mid-American
## 346      EasternMichigan               Toledo         1     Mid-American
## 347                 Navy               Toledo         0     Independents
## 348     NorthernIllinois               Toledo         1     Mid-American
## 349            BallState               Toledo         1     Mid-American
## 350    BowlingGreenState               Toledo         1     Mid-American
## 351         EastCarolina               Tulane         1   Conference USA
## 352    SouthernMethodist               Tulane         0 Western Athletic
## 353  SouthernMississippi               Tulane         1   Conference USA
## 354           Louisville               Tulane         1   Conference USA
## 355              Houston               Tulane         1   Conference USA
## 356                 Navy               Tulane         0     Independents
## 357              Memphis               Tulane         1   Conference USA
## 358               Tulane          Mississippi         0   Conference USA
## 359               Auburn          Mississippi         1     Southeastern
## 360           Vanderbilt          Mississippi         1     Southeastern
## 361             Kentucky          Mississippi         1     Southeastern
## 362        ArkansasState          Mississippi         0         Sun Belt
## 363              Alabama          Mississippi         1     Southeastern
## 364     MississippiState          Mississippi         1     Southeastern
## 365                 Rice                Tulsa         1 Western Athletic
## 366        LouisianaTech                Tulsa         1 Western Athletic
## 367          TexasElPaso                Tulsa         1 Western Athletic
## 368       NewMexicoState                Tulsa         0         Sun Belt
## 369          FresnoState                Tulsa         1 Western Athletic
## 370    SouthernMethodist                Tulsa         1 Western Athletic
## 371         SanJoseState                Tulsa         1 Western Athletic
## 372               Nevada                Tulsa         1 Western Athletic
## 373                Tulsa        NorthCarolina         0 Western Athletic
## 374         FloridaState        NorthCarolina         1   Atlantic Coast
## 375          GeorgiaTech        NorthCarolina         1   Atlantic Coast
## 376   NorthCarolinaState        NorthCarolina         1   Atlantic Coast
## 377             Virginia        NorthCarolina         1   Atlantic Coast
## 378           Pittsburgh        NorthCarolina         0         Big East
## 379                 Duke        NorthCarolina         1   Atlantic Coast
## 380            TexasTech            UtahState         0       Big Twelve
## 381         ArizonaState            UtahState         0      Pacific Ten
## 382                 Utah            UtahState         0    Mountain West
## 383         BrighamYoung            UtahState         0    Mountain West
## 384           NorthTexas            UtahState         0         Sun Belt
## 385                Idaho            UtahState         0         Sun Belt
## 386        ArkansasState            UtahState         0         Sun Belt
## 387       NewMexicoState            UtahState         0         Sun Belt
## 388           BoiseState            UtahState         0 Western Athletic
## 389        BostonCollege                 Army         0         Big East
## 390              Houston                 Army         1   Conference USA
## 391              Memphis                 Army         1   Conference USA
## 392       NewMexicoState                 Army         0         Sun Belt
## 393         EastCarolina                 Army         1   Conference USA
## 394               Tulane                 Army         1   Conference USA
## 395           Louisville                 Army         1   Conference USA
## 396                 Navy                 Army         0     Independents
## 397                 Army           Cincinnati         1   Conference USA
## 398             Syracuse           Cincinnati         0         Big East
## 399            Wisconsin           Cincinnati         0          Big Ten
## 400               Tulane           Cincinnati         1   Conference USA
## 401              Houston           Cincinnati         1   Conference USA
## 402           Louisville           Cincinnati         1   Conference USA
## 403            MiamiOhio           Cincinnati         0     Mid-American
## 404              Memphis           Cincinnati         1   Conference USA
## 405  SouthernMississippi           Cincinnati         1   Conference USA
## 406         BrighamYoung             AirForce         1    Mountain West
## 407                 Utah             AirForce         1    Mountain West
## 408                 Navy             AirForce         0     Independents
## 409              Wyoming             AirForce         1    Mountain West
## 410            NewMexico             AirForce         1    Mountain West
## 411            NotreDame             AirForce         0     Independents
## 412                 Army             AirForce         0   Conference USA
## 413        ColoradoState             AirForce         1    Mountain West
## 414        SanDiegoState             AirForce         1    Mountain West
## 415              Buffalo              Rutgers         0     Mid-American
## 416         VirginiaTech              Rutgers         1         Big East
## 417           Pittsburgh              Rutgers         1         Big East
## 418               Temple              Rutgers         1         Big East
## 419                 Navy              Rutgers         0     Independents
## 420        BostonCollege              Rutgers         1         Big East
## 421         WestVirginia              Rutgers         1         Big East
## 422            NotreDame              Rutgers         0     Independents
## 423             Syracuse              Rutgers         1         Big East
## 424        SouthCarolina              Georgia         1     Southeastern
## 425       NewMexicoState              Georgia         0         Sun Belt
## 426            Tennessee              Georgia         1     Southeastern
## 427           Vanderbilt              Georgia         1     Southeastern
## 428             Kentucky              Georgia         1     Southeastern
## 429              Florida              Georgia         1     Southeastern
## 430               Auburn              Georgia         1     Southeastern
## 431          Mississippi              Georgia         1     Southeastern
## 432          GeorgiaTech              Georgia         0   Atlantic Coast
## 433              Houston       LouisianaState         0   Conference USA
## 434               Auburn       LouisianaState         1     Southeastern
## 435            Tennessee       LouisianaState         1     Southeastern
## 436              Florida       LouisianaState         1     Southeastern
## 437             Kentucky       LouisianaState         1     Southeastern
## 438     MississippiState       LouisianaState         1     Southeastern
## 439              Alabama       LouisianaState         1     Southeastern
## 440          Mississippi       LouisianaState         1     Southeastern
## 441            TexasTech   LouisianaLafayette         0       Big Twelve
## 442               Tulane   LouisianaLafayette         0   Conference USA
## 443        LouisianaTech   LouisianaLafayette         0 Western Athletic
## 444           NorthTexas   LouisianaLafayette         1         Sun Belt
## 445      LouisianaMonroe   LouisianaLafayette         1         Sun Belt
## 446 MiddleTennesseeState   LouisianaLafayette         1         Sun Belt
## 447   LouisianaLafayette                Texas         0         Sun Belt
## 448             Stanford                Texas         0      Pacific Ten
## 449              Houston                Texas         0   Conference USA
## 450             Oklahoma                Texas         1       Big Twelve
## 451             Colorado                Texas         1       Big Twelve
## 452               Baylor                Texas         1       Big Twelve
## 453            TexasTech                Texas         1       Big Twelve
## 454               Kansas                Texas         1       Big Twelve
## 455             TexasA&M                Texas         1       Big Twelve
## 456        NorthCarolina             Marshall         0   Atlantic Coast
## 457              Buffalo             Marshall         1     Mid-American
## 458      WesternMichigan             Marshall         1     Mid-American
## 459               Toledo             Marshall         1     Mid-American
## 460                 Kent             Marshall         1     Mid-American
## 461                Akron             Marshall         1     Mid-American
## 462    BowlingGreenState             Marshall         1     Mid-American
## 463            MiamiOhio             Marshall         1     Mid-American
## 464                 Ohio             Marshall         1     Mid-American
## 465             Marshall        MichiganState         0     Mid-American
## 466            NotreDame        MichiganState         0     Independents
## 467         Northwestern        MichiganState         1          Big Ten
## 468                 Iowa        MichiganState         1          Big Ten
## 469            Wisconsin        MichiganState         1          Big Ten
## 470             Michigan        MichiganState         1          Big Ten
## 471             Illinois        MichiganState         1          Big Ten
## 472            OhioState        MichiganState         1          Big Ten
## 473               Purdue        MichiganState         1          Big Ten
## 474            PennState        MichiganState         1          Big Ten
## 475           Washington         MiamiFlorida         0      Pacific Ten
## 476         WestVirginia         MiamiFlorida         1         Big East
## 477              Rutgers         MiamiFlorida         1         Big East
## 478         FloridaState         MiamiFlorida         0   Atlantic Coast
## 479               Temple         MiamiFlorida         1         Big East
## 480        LouisianaTech         MiamiFlorida         0 Western Athletic
## 481         VirginiaTech         MiamiFlorida         1         Big East
## 482           Pittsburgh         MiamiFlorida         1         Big East
## 483             Syracuse         MiamiFlorida         1         Big East
## 484        BostonCollege         MiamiFlorida         1         Big East
## 485        MichiganState             Missouri         0          Big Ten
## 486             Nebraska             Missouri         1       Big Twelve
## 487               Kansas             Missouri         1       Big Twelve
## 488                Texas             Missouri         1       Big Twelve
## 489            IowaState             Missouri         1       Big Twelve
## 490             Colorado             Missouri         1       Big Twelve
## 491               Baylor             Missouri         1       Big Twelve
## 492          KansasState             Missouri         1       Big Twelve
## 493             Missouri              Clemson         0       Big Twelve
## 494             Virginia              Clemson         1   Atlantic Coast
## 495                 Duke              Clemson         1   Atlantic Coast
## 496   NorthCarolinaState              Clemson         1   Atlantic Coast
## 497        NorthCarolina              Clemson         1   Atlantic Coast
## 498          GeorgiaTech              Clemson         1   Atlantic Coast
## 499         FloridaState              Clemson         1   Atlantic Coast
## 500        SouthCarolina              Clemson         0     Southeastern
## 501            IowaState       NevadaLasVegas         0       Big Twelve
## 502           NorthTexas       NevadaLasVegas         0         Sun Belt
## 503         BrighamYoung       NevadaLasVegas         1    Mountain West
## 504             AirForce       NevadaLasVegas         1    Mountain West
## 505               Nevada       NevadaLasVegas         0 Western Athletic
## 506        ColoradoState       NevadaLasVegas         1    Mountain West
## 507              Wyoming       NevadaLasVegas         1    Mountain West
## 508          Mississippi       NevadaLasVegas         0     Southeastern
## 509                 Utah       NevadaLasVegas         1    Mountain West
## 510            NewMexico       NevadaLasVegas         1    Mountain West
## 511        SanDiegoState       NevadaLasVegas         1    Mountain West
## 512        NorthCarolina           WakeForest         1   Atlantic Coast
## 513              Clemson           WakeForest         1   Atlantic Coast
## 514             Virginia           WakeForest         1   Atlantic Coast
## 515           Vanderbilt           WakeForest         0     Southeastern
## 516          GeorgiaTech           WakeForest         1   Atlantic Coast
## 517                 Duke           WakeForest         1   Atlantic Coast
## 518         FloridaState           WakeForest         1   Atlantic Coast
## 519                 Navy           WakeForest         0     Independents
## 520   NorthCarolinaState           WakeForest         1   Atlantic Coast
## 521   NorthCarolinaState              Indiana         0   Atlantic Coast
## 522             Kentucky              Indiana         0     Southeastern
## 523           Cincinnati              Indiana         0   Conference USA
## 524                 Iowa              Indiana         1          Big Ten
## 525         Northwestern              Indiana         1          Big Ten
## 526             Michigan              Indiana         1          Big Ten
## 527            Minnesota              Indiana         1          Big Ten
## 528            PennState              Indiana         1          Big Ten
## 529             Illinois              Indiana         1          Big Ten
## 530            Wisconsin              Indiana         1          Big Ten
## 531               Purdue              Indiana         1          Big Ten
## 532                Tulsa        OklahomaState         0 Western Athletic
## 533  SouthernMississippi        OklahomaState         0   Conference USA
## 534                Texas        OklahomaState         1       Big Twelve
## 535             Missouri        OklahomaState         1       Big Twelve
## 536            IowaState        OklahomaState         1       Big Twelve
## 537             Colorado        OklahomaState         1       Big Twelve
## 538             TexasA&M        OklahomaState         1       Big Twelve
## 539            TexasTech        OklahomaState         1       Big Twelve
## 540               Baylor        OklahomaState         1       Big Twelve
## 541             Oklahoma        OklahomaState         1       Big Twelve
## 542            NewMexico          OregonState         0    Mountain West
## 543        SanDiegoState          OregonState         0    Mountain West
## 544   SouthernCalifornia          OregonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 545           Washington          OregonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 546             Stanford          OregonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 547                 UCLA          OregonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 548      WashingtonState          OregonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 549              Arizona          OregonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 550               Oregon          OregonState         1      Pacific Ten
## 551               Temple             Maryland         0         Big East
## 552         WestVirginia             Maryland         0         Big East
## 553 MiddleTennesseeState             Maryland         0         Sun Belt
## 554         FloridaState             Maryland         1   Atlantic Coast
## 555             Virginia             Maryland         1   Atlantic Coast
## 556              Clemson             Maryland         1   Atlantic Coast
## 557           WakeForest             Maryland         1   Atlantic Coast
## 558                 Duke             Maryland         1   Atlantic Coast
## 559   NorthCarolinaState             Maryland         1   Atlantic Coast
## 560        NorthCarolina             Maryland         1   Atlantic Coast
## 561          GeorgiaTech             Maryland         1   Atlantic Coast
## 562               Nevada       TexasChristian         0 Western Athletic
## 563         Northwestern       TexasChristian         0          Big Ten
## 564        ArkansasState       TexasChristian         0         Sun Belt
## 565                 Navy       TexasChristian         0     Independents
## 566                Tulsa       TexasChristian         0 Western Athletic
## 567                 Rice       TexasChristian         0 Western Athletic
## 568         SanJoseState       TexasChristian         0 Western Athletic
## 569          FresnoState       TexasChristian         0 Western Athletic
## 570          TexasElPaso       TexasChristian         0 Western Athletic
## 571    SouthernMethodist       TexasChristian         0 Western Athletic
## 572                 Utah           California         0    Mountain West
## 573             Illinois           California         0          Big Ten
## 574          FresnoState           California         0 Western Athletic
## 575      WashingtonState           California         1      Pacific Ten
## 576         ArizonaState           California         1      Pacific Ten
## 577                 UCLA           California         1      Pacific Ten
## 578           Washington           California         1      Pacific Ten
## 579   SouthernCalifornia           California         1      Pacific Ten
## 580          OregonState           California         1      Pacific Ten
## 581               Oregon           California         1      Pacific Ten
## 582             Stanford           California         1      Pacific Ten
## 583               Kansas    AlabamaBirmingham         0       Big Twelve
## 584       LouisianaState    AlabamaBirmingham         0     Southeastern
## 585   LouisianaLafayette    AlabamaBirmingham         0         Sun Belt
## 586           Louisville    AlabamaBirmingham         1   Conference USA
## 587              Memphis    AlabamaBirmingham         1   Conference USA
## 588 MiddleTennesseeState    AlabamaBirmingham         0         Sun Belt
## 589         EastCarolina    AlabamaBirmingham         1   Conference USA
## 590           Cincinnati    AlabamaBirmingham         1   Conference USA
## 591  SouthernMississippi    AlabamaBirmingham         1   Conference USA
## 592                 Army    AlabamaBirmingham         1   Conference USA
## 593           BoiseState             Arkansas         0 Western Athletic
## 594              Alabama             Arkansas         1     Southeastern
## 595              Georgia             Arkansas         1     Southeastern
## 596      LouisianaMonroe             Arkansas         0         Sun Belt
## 597        SouthCarolina             Arkansas         1     Southeastern
## 598               Auburn             Arkansas         1     Southeastern
## 599          Mississippi             Arkansas         1     Southeastern
## 600            Tennessee             Arkansas         1     Southeastern
## 601     MississippiState             Arkansas         1     Southeastern
## 602       LouisianaState             Arkansas         1     Southeastern
## 603          TexasElPaso               Hawaii         1 Western Athletic
## 604                Tulsa               Hawaii         1 Western Athletic
## 605       TexasChristian               Hawaii         0   Conference USA
## 606    SouthernMethodist               Hawaii         1 Western Athletic
## 607                 Rice               Hawaii         1 Western Athletic
## 608         SanJoseState               Hawaii         1 Western Athletic
## 609          FresnoState               Hawaii         1 Western Athletic
## 610               Nevada               Hawaii         1 Western Athletic
## 611        LouisianaTech               Hawaii         1 Western Athletic
## 612            Wisconsin               Hawaii         0          Big Ten
## 613       NevadaLasVegas               Hawaii         0    Mountain West
## 614            UtahState                 <NA>        NA     Independents
## 615         MiamiFlorida                 <NA>        NA         Big East
## 616              Indiana                 <NA>        NA          Big Ten
## 617        OklahomaState                 <NA>        NA       Big Twelve
## 618             Maryland                 <NA>        NA   Atlantic Coast
## 619           California                 <NA>        NA      Pacific Ten
## 620    AlabamaBirmingham                 <NA>        NA   Conference USA
## 621             Arkansas                 <NA>        NA     Southeastern
## 622               Hawaii                 <NA>        NA Western Athletic
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```

---
# Example: American college football

```r
ggplot(data = ftnet,
       aes(from_id = from, to_id = to)) +
  geom_net(
    aes(colour = value, 
        group = value,
        linetype = factor(1-same.conf),
        label = schools),
    linewidth = 0.5,
    size = 5, 
    vjust = -0.75, 
    alpha = 0.3,
    layout.alg = 'fruchtermanreingold'
  ) +
  theme_net() +
  theme(legend.position = "bottom") +
  scale_colour_brewer("Conference", palette = "Paired")
```

---

---
# What do we learn?

- Remember layout is done to place nodes that are more similar close together in the display. 
- The colours indicate conference the team belongs too. For the most part, conferences are clustered, more similar to each other than other conferences. 
- There are some clusters of conference groups, eg Mid-American, Big East, and Atlantic Coast
- The Independents are independent
- Some teams play far afield from their conference.

---
# Example: Harry Potter characters

*Source: [wikicommons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harry_Potter_Platform_Kings_Cross.jpg)*

---
# Example: Harry Potter characters

There is a connection between two students if one provides emotional support to the other at some point in the book. 
- Code to pull the data together is provided by Sam Tyner [here](https://github.com/sctyner/geomnet/blob/master/README.Rmd#harry-potter-peer-support-network).

---
# Harry potter data as nodes and edges

```r
hp_all
## # A tibble: 720 x 6
##    book  from_id            to_id              schoolyear gender house     
##    <chr> <chr>              <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>  <chr>     
##  1 1     Dean Thomas        Harry James Potter       1991 M      Gryffindor
##  2 1     Dean Thomas        Hermione Granger         1991 M      Gryffindor
##  3 1     Dean Thomas        Neville Longbottom       1991 M      Gryffindor
##  4 1     Dean Thomas        Ronald Weasley           1991 M      Gryffindor
##  5 1     Dean Thomas        Seamus Finnigan          1991 M      Gryffindor
##  6 1     Fred Weasley       George Weasley           1989 M      Gryffindor
##  7 1     Fred Weasley       Harry James Potter       1989 M      Gryffindor
##  8 1     George Weasley     Fred Weasley             1989 M      Gryffindor
##  9 1     George Weasley     Harry James Potter       1989 M      Gryffindor
## 10 1     Harry James Potter Dean Thomas              1991 M      Gryffindor
## # … with 710 more rows
```

---
# Let's plot the characters

```r
ggplot(data = hp_all, 
       aes(from_id = from_id, 
           to_id = to_id)) + 
  geom_net(aes(colour = house, group = house, shape = gender),
           fiteach=T, 
           directed = T, 
           size = 3, 
           linewidth = .5, 
           ealpha = .5, 
           labelon = T, 
           fontsize = 3, 
           repel = T, 
           labelcolour = "black", 
           arrowsize = .5, 
           singletons = FALSE) + 
  scale_colour_manual(values = c("#941B08","#F1F31C", "#071A80", "#154C07")) + 
  facet_wrap(~book, labeller = "label_both", ncol=3) + 
  theme_net() + 
  theme(panel.background = element_rect(colour = 'black'),
        legend.position="bottom")
```

---
# Let's plot the characters

---
class: transition
# Your turn: lab exercise

.pull-left[
- Read in last semesters class data, which contains `s1_name` and `s2_name` are the first names of class members, and tutors, with the latter being the "go-to" person for the former. 
- Write the code to produce a class network that looks something like below
]

.pull-right[
<img src="images/class_network.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---

# Summary

- To make a network analysis, you need:
    - an association matrix, that describes how nodes (vertices) are connected to each other
    - a layout algorithm to place the nodes optimally so that the fewest edges cross, or that the nodes that are most closely associated are near to each other.

---
class: refresher
# Quantitative association matrices

Previous association matrices were black and white:

---
class: refresher
# Quantitative association matrices

- You could have the association between nodes described as real numbers.

- E.g., these are the number of times that these people called each other in the last week:

---
# Quantitative association matrices

We would need to turn this into an edge data set:

```
## # A tibble: 25 x 3
##    from  to    count
##    <chr> <chr> <dbl>
##  1 Meg   Meg       0
##  2 Tay   Meg       5
##  3 Yat   Meg       4
##  4 Zili  Meg       1
##  5 Jess  Meg       1
##  6 Meg   Tay       5
##  7 Tay   Tay       0
##  8 Yat   Tay       4
##  9 Zili  Tay       2
## 10 Jess  Tay       1
## # … with 15 more rows
```

---
# Quantitative association matrices

- We need to decide what corresponds to a "connection".
- Let's say they need to have called each other at least 4 times, to be considered connected.

```r
d_edges_filter <- d_edges %>% filter(count > 3)
```

```r
d_edges_filter
## # A tibble: 8 x 3
##   from  to    count
##   <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 Tay   Meg       5
## 2 Yat   Meg       4
## 3 Meg   Tay       5
## 4 Yat   Tay       4
## 5 Meg   Yat       4
## 6 Tay   Yat       4
## 7 Jess  Zili      6
## 8 Zili  Jess      6
```

---
# Association matrices: Make the network diagram.

```r
library(geomnet)
set.seed(2019-10-09)
ggplot(data = d_edges_filter, 
       aes(
         from_id = from, 
         to_id = to)) +
  geom_net(
    layout.alg = "kamadakawai",
    size = 2, 
    labelon = TRUE, 
    vjust = -0.6, 
    ecolour = "grey60",
    directed =FALSE, 
    fontsize = 3, 
    ealpha = 0.5
    ) +
    theme_net() 
```

---
# Association matrices: Make the network diagram.

---
# Data:  Last 2018, 4 months of currency USD cross-rates

SO let's try this with cross-currency rates across the globe!

- Data extracted from http://openexchangerates.org/api/historical
- R packages `jsonlite`, processed with `tidyverse`, `lubridate`

---
# Data:  Last 4 months of currency USD cross-rates

```
## # A tibble: 6 x 171
##   date         AED   AFN   ALL   AMD   ANG   AOA   ARS   AUD   AWG   AZN   BAM
##   <date>     <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 2018-05-14  3.67  71.2  106.  485.  1.79  230.  25.0  1.33  1.79  1.70  1.63
## 2 2018-05-15  3.67  71.2  107.  485.  1.80  230.  24.1  1.34  1.79  1.70  1.64
## 3 2018-05-16  3.67  71.0  108.  484.  1.80  232.  24.3  1.33  1.79  1.70  1.66
## 4 2018-05-17  3.67  71.0  108.  483.  1.80  233.  24.3  1.33  1.79  1.70  1.66
## 5 2018-05-18  3.67  71.0  108.  483.  1.80  233.  24.4  1.33  1.79  1.70  1.66
## 6 2018-05-19  3.67  70.9  108.  482.  1.79  233.  24.4  1.33  1.79  1.70  1.66
## # … with 159 more variables: BBD <dbl>, BDT <dbl>, BGN <dbl>, BHD <dbl>,
## #   BIF <dbl>, BMD <dbl>, BND <dbl>, BOB <dbl>, BRL <dbl>, BSD <dbl>,
## #   BTC <dbl>, BTN <dbl>, BWP <dbl>, BYN <dbl>, BZD <dbl>, CAD <dbl>,
## #   CDF <dbl>, CHF <dbl>, CLF <dbl>, CLP <dbl>, CNH <dbl>, CNY <dbl>,
## #   COP <dbl>, CRC <dbl>, CUC <dbl>, CUP <dbl>, CVE <dbl>, CZK <dbl>,
## #   DJF <dbl>, DKK <dbl>, DOP <dbl>, DZD <dbl>, EGP <dbl>, ERN <dbl>,
## #   ETB <dbl>, EUR <dbl>, FJD <dbl>, FKP <dbl>, GBP <dbl>, GEL <dbl>,
## #   GGP <dbl>, GHS <dbl>, GIP <dbl>, GMD <dbl>, GNF <dbl>, GTQ <dbl>,
## #   GYD <dbl>, HKD <dbl>, HNL <dbl>, HRK <dbl>, HTG <dbl>, HUF <dbl>,
## #   IDR <dbl>, ILS <dbl>, IMP <dbl>, INR <dbl>, IQD <dbl>, IRR <dbl>,
## #   ISK <dbl>, JEP <dbl>, JMD <dbl>, JOD <dbl>, JPY <dbl>, KES <dbl>,
## #   KGS <dbl>, KHR <dbl>, KMF <dbl>, KPW <dbl>, KRW <dbl>, KWD <dbl>,
## #   KYD <dbl>, KZT <dbl>, LAK <dbl>, LBP <dbl>, LKR <dbl>, LRD <dbl>,
## #   LSL <dbl>, LYD <dbl>, MAD <dbl>, MDL <dbl>, MGA <dbl>, MKD <dbl>,
## #   MMK <dbl>, MNT <dbl>, MOP <dbl>, MRO <dbl>, MRU <dbl>, MUR <dbl>,
## #   MVR <dbl>, MWK <dbl>, MXN <dbl>, MYR <dbl>, MZN <dbl>, NAD <dbl>,
## #   NGN <dbl>, NIO <dbl>, NOK <dbl>, NPR <dbl>, NZD <dbl>, OMR <dbl>, …
```

---
# Data:  Last 4 months of currency USD cross-rates

---
# Your turn: Rstudio

Make some plots (or google) to answer these questions

- Is the NZD more similar to AUD, EUR, or JPY? (What currency is NZD?)
- Is SGD more similar to AUD, EUR, or JPY? (What currency is SGD?)
- How many currencies are there in the British Isles?

---

---
# Pre-processing: Keep currencies that change

- Some currencies don't change very much. 
- These should be filtered from the analysis, because in a study of currency movement, if it doesn't move then there is nothing more to be said.

---
# Pre-processing: Keep currencies that change

- To filter out these currencies we use a statistic called [coefficient of variation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation):

$$
Coef Variation = \frac{\sigma}{\mu}
$$

- Measures standard deviation of currency relative to the mean. 
- For high means, we expect a currency to change more. 
- That is, relatively the standard deviation would be larger to consider it to be changing.

---

# Computing CV

### Stratgey pivot to long form then group and summarize currency values

```r
# Compute coefficient of variation. We will only analyse 
# currencies that have changes substantially over this time.
cv <- function(x){
  sd(x)/mean(x)
}

rates_cv <- rates %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = -date, names_to = "currency") %>% 
  group_by(currency) %>% 
  summarise(cv = cv(value)) 
```

---

## Distrubtion of CV values

---

# Filter out currencies if they have CVs below the first quantile

```r
rates_stable <- rates_cv %>%
  filter(cv < quantile(cv, 0.25))
```

---

# Filter out low cv currencies using pivot and an anti join

```r
rates_sub <- rates %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = -date, names_to = "currency") %>% 
  anti_join(rates_stable)
rates_sub
## # A tibble: 14,732 x 3
##    date       currency   value
##    <date>     <chr>      <dbl>
##  1 2018-05-14 AFN        71.2 
##  2 2018-05-14 ALL       106.  
##  3 2018-05-14 ANG         1.79
##  4 2018-05-14 AOA       230.  
##  5 2018-05-14 ARS        25.0 
##  6 2018-05-14 AUD         1.33
##  7 2018-05-14 BAM         1.63
##  8 2018-05-14 BDT        84.7 
##  9 2018-05-14 BGN         1.64
## 10 2018-05-14 BIF      1767.  
## # … with 14,722 more rows
```

---
# Remove currencies that are not currencies

Some of the currencies ... aren't really currencies. Google these ones: XAG, XDR, XPT - what are they?

---
# Remove currencies that are not currencies

```r
# Remove non-currencies
rates_dropped <- rates_sub %>% 
  filter(!currency %in% c("ALL", "XAG", "XDR", "XPT"))
```

XAG is Gold
XPT is Platinum
XDR is special drawing rights

---
# Standardize the currencies

To examine overall trend regardless of actual USD cross rate, standardise the values to have mean 0 and standard deviation 1.

```r
scale01 <- function(x) (x - mean(x)) / sd(x)
```

---
# Rescale all values to have standardised values

##  Use `group_by()` plus `mutate()`!

```r
rates_scaled <- rates_dropped %>%
  group_by(currency) %>% 
  mutate(value = scale01(value))
```

---
# Standardize the currencies

---
# Compute distances between all pairs of currencies

Euclidean distance is used to compute similarity between all pairs of currencies.

`$d_{ij} = \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{t}{(C_{1i}-C_{2i})^2}}$`

---
# Compute distances between all pairs of currencies

We need to put our data back in wide form! And then turn it
into a matrix.

```r
rates_wide <- rates_scaled %>% 
    pivot_wider(id_cols = "date", names_from = "currency") %>%
    select(-date)

# compute distance between currencies, rows <--> columns 
rates_wide_t <- t(rates_wide)
```

---
# Use built in function to compute distance

```r
currency_dist <- as.matrix(dist(rates_wide_t, 
                             diag = TRUE, 
                             upper = TRUE))

currency_dist[1:5, 1:5]
##          AFN      ANG      AOA      ARS      AUD
## AFN 0.000000 8.044527 7.315939 8.014165 7.970993
## ANG 8.044527 0.000000 5.628321 9.601101 7.277124
## AOA 7.315939 5.628321 0.000000 5.760894 5.299254
## ARS 8.014165 9.601101 5.760894 0.000000 5.983452
## AUD 7.970993 7.277124 5.299254 5.983452 0.000000
```

---
# A note on distance matrices:

- A distance matrix is the inverse of an association matrix. 
- A distance matrix close to 0 means the pair are most similar. 
- For an association matrix far from zero means the pair are close. 
- Either can be used to generate a network.

---
# Create network: Pivot data into long form, filter based on similarity

Here only the pairs of currencies who are closer than "4" to each other are kept.

```r
distance_tbl <-  currency_dist %>% 
  as.data.frame() %>%
  rownames_to_column(var = "from_currency") %>% 
  pivot_longer(-from_currency, 
               names_to = "to_currency",
               values_to = "distance") %>% 
  filter(distance < 4 ) %>%
  filter(from_currency != to_currency)
```

---
# Create network: Gather data into long form, filter based on similarity

Here only the pairs of currencies who are closer than "4" to each other are kept.

```r
distance_tbl
## # A tibble: 266 x 3
##    from_currency to_currency distance
##    <chr>         <chr>          <dbl>
##  1 ANG           CNH             2.98
##  2 ANG           CNY             3.24
##  3 ANG           IRR             3.73
##  4 ANG           TJS             3.60
##  5 ANG           VND             3.42
##  6 AOA           JMD             3.66
##  7 AOA           KZT             2.11
##  8 AOA           LAK             3.55
##  9 AOA           MMK             2.19
## 10 AOA           MYR             2.17
## # … with 256 more rows
```

---
# Network laid out

.left-code[

```r
# Make network
library(geomnet)
set.seed(10052016)
ggplot(data = distance_tbl, 
       aes(
         from_id = from_currency, 
         to_id = to_currency
         )) +
  geom_net(
    layout.alg = "kamadakawai",
    size = 2, 
    labelon = TRUE, 
    vjust = -0.6, 
    ecolour = "grey60",
    directed = FALSE, 
    fontsize = 3, 
    ealpha = 0.5
    ) +
    theme_net() +
    theme(
      legend.position = "bottom"
      )
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="lecture_9a_files/figure-html/currency-network-out-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
class: transition

# Your turn

- Make a plot of the AUD vs the SGD (using the standardised units). Do they look like they are trending together as suggested by the network?
- Try out the remaining lab exercises

---

background-image: url(images/bg1.jpg)
background-size: cover
class: hide-slide-number split-70
count: false

.column.shade_black[.content[

# That's it!

.bottom_abs.width100[

Lecturer: Nicholas Tierney & Stuart Lee

Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics<br>
<span><i class="fas  fa-envelope faa-float animated "></i></span>  ETC5510.Clayton-x@monash.edu

May 2020

]

<br />
This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.

]]